By St. Francis de Sales
Part 1 – On the Counsels and Exercises
Chapter 1: What is the True Devotion to God?
St. Francis de Sales begins by distinguishing true devotion from superficial piety. He warns against those who pray all day but fail to control their tongues, highlighting that true devotion is not just about external practices. True devotion stems from God’s grace, which empowers us to do good. When charity is perfected in us, it not only enables us to do good but to do so with great care, frequently, and promptly. Sinners are compared to birds that cannot fly towards God, while the devout are like soaring eagles. Devotion is described as a spiritual agility and vigour that energises our charity. True devotion involves obedience to God’s commands and represents an eminent degree of charity. St. Francis describes the progression from a sinner trudging towards devotion to a fully devout person, akin to someone fully healed. He concludes by likening charity to a spiritual fire that, when blazing hot, becomes devotion, saying, “Charity and devotion differ no more, the one from the other, than flame from fire.”
Chapter 2: The Nature and Excellence of Devotion
In this chapter, devotion is compared to spiritual sugar that removes the bitterness from mortification and prevents consolation from becoming unwholesome. St. Francis uses the image of Jacob’s Ladder to illustrate the dual nature of devotion: it involves descending through actions to help our neighbour and ascending through contemplation to unite lovingly with God. This balance of action and contemplation is key to understanding the excellence of true devotion, as he states, “Devotion is the spiritual sweetness and grace which tempers the bitterness of mortifications and counteracts the danger of temptations.”
Chapter 3: Devotion is Suitable to All Kinds of Vocations
St. Francis emphasises that devotion is appropriate for every vocation. He argues that true devotion does not harm one’s responsibilities but rather enhances and adorns one’s vocation. Whether one is a soldier, merchant, or parent, devotion should be tailored to fit their specific life and duties. False devotion, which interferes with vocational responsibilities, is not true devotion. “True devotion hinders nothing, but on the contrary, it perfects everything,” he asserts.
Chapter 4: On the Need for Guidance for Those Seeking to Live a Devout Life and Make Progress in It
The necessity of having a spiritual guide is discussed in this chapter. St. Francis acknowledges that finding such a guide may seem daunting, as they should be full of charity, knowledge, and prudence. He advises praying for this director, treating them with the respect due to an angel, and remaining constant, without seeking other guides. One should follow their chosen guide simply, humbly, and confidently. “Seek a guide, who may help you along the way,” he advises.
Chapter 5: We Must Start By Purifying Our Souls
St. Francis asserts that the first step in living a devout life is to purify the soul. He quotes a proverb: “The slow cure is the safe cure,” implying that true purification takes time. He compares the sudden onset of diseases of the soul to riders on horseback, while their departure is slow, like snails. This process requires courage and patience. He warns against two dangers: becoming discouraged by the number of one’s imperfections and prematurely thinking one is ready to “fly” spiritually without having developed “wings.” Continuous purification is essential, as long as we strive to fight, we will be victorious. “Diseases of the soul, like those of the body, come on horseback and go away on foot,” he notes.
Chapter 6: The First Purification: From Mortal Sin
The first step in purification involves a general confession to renew one’s spiritual life. St. Francis teaches the importance of confessing mortal sins as a foundational step in the journey toward true devotion. He insists, “Begin with a sincere confession, renewing your soul.”
Chapter 7: The Second Purgation: From Desire for Sinful Deeds
The second purification targets the desire for sin. St. Francis notes that it is insufficient to merely refrain from sinning; one must also eliminate the desire to sin. He uses the analogy of the Israelites who longed for the foods of Egypt even after being delivered from bondage. Similarly, a person might stop sinful actions but still desire them, akin to a woman who abandons her lovers but still enjoys being admired. “We must not merely forsake sin, but the desire for sin,” he instructs.
Chapter 8: How to Undertake the Second Purgation
This chapter provides guidance on how to undertake the second purgation. St. Francis stresses the importance of contrition and the sacraments, advocating for a genuine hatred for sin. The process involves a deep aversion to sin, not just avoiding its penalties. “Undertake this purgation with true contrition and sacraments,” he advises.
Chapter 9: First Meditation: On Creation
St. Francis outlines a step-by-step meditation on creation. This meditation helps the devout soul recognise the greatness of God’s creation and their place within it. It fosters a sense of humility and gratitude towards the Creator. “Meditate on creation, acknowledging the greatness of God,” he suggests.
Chapter 10: On the End for Which We Were Created
The final chapter of Part 1 focuses on meditating on the purpose of human existence. St. Francis guides the reader through a meditation on why we were created, emphasising that our ultimate purpose is to love and serve God. This meditation aims to align the devout person’s actions and desires with their true purpose, fostering a deeper commitment to a devout life. He concludes, “Consider the end for which you were created, to love and serve God.”
Part 2 – Instructions for Elevating the Soul to God Through Prayer and the Sacraments
Chapter 1: The Necessity of Prayer
St. Francis de Sales begins by emphasising the importance of prayer in the life of a devout person. He asserts that prayer is the means by which we elevate our soul to God and communicate with Him. Without prayer, we cannot maintain a devout life. He explains that “prayer is to the soul what rain is to the soil. Fertilise it as much as you like, it will remain barren unless the skies send their moisture.” This foundational practice is essential for nourishing the soul and fostering a devout life.
Chapter 2: How to Prepare for the Meditations
Preparing for meditation involves entering God’s presence. This is done by arousing in oneself a lively and attentive awareness of God’s omnipresence. St. Francis cites David, “If I ascend to heaven, you are there! If I make my bed in Sheol, you are there!” He explains that God is not only in every place but also at the very center of our spirit, animating us with His divine presence. Reflecting on our Saviour, who in His humanity looks down from heaven upon all mankind, particularly those in prayer, helps bring us closer to Him. We should imagine Jesus beside us, just as we think of friends, making His presence more tangible. If the Blessed Sacrament is near, there is no need for imagination, as Jesus is truly present.
Chapter 3: Invoke God’s Assistance
Recognising our unworthiness to be in God’s presence but understanding that He wills it for us to serve and worship Him is crucial. We should invoke His assistance with prayers such as, “Cast me not away from your presence, and take not your holy Spirit from me” (Psalm 51:11), and “Let your face shine on your servant” (Psalm 31:16). It is also beneficial to call upon our guardian angel and the saints associated with the particular mystery we are considering.
Chapter 4: Imagine the Mystery You Tend to Meditate On
When meditating on sensible things like the crucifixion, imagine yourself on Calvary. St. Francis encourages a vivid imagination to bring the mysteries of faith closer to our hearts. This helps to create a more profound and personal connection with the events being meditated upon.
Chapter 5: Meditation Differs from Study
Meditation differs from study and learning in that it directly aims at acquiring virtue and the love of God. St. Francis advises confining your spirit within the bounds of the subject and using your imagination to fashion considerations regarding it. “Meditation should confine your spirit within the bounds of the subject, leading to considerations and resolutions,” he instructs.
Chapter 6: Leading to Specific Resolutions
Meditation should lead to general affections like the love of God and neighbour, desire for paradise, and zeal for the salvation of souls. However, one must not stop here. St. Francis insists on making specific resolutions to live out these affections each day. The more specific the resolution, the better. He asserts, “One must not be content with simple affections, but should proceed to particular resolutions.”
Chapter 7: Acts of Thanksgiving and Supplication
After meditation, one should engage in acts of thanksgiving, offering God His own goodness and mercy, along with our resolutions. This is followed by supplication, beseeching Him to grant us the graces and virtues of His Son. St. Francis recommends gathering a little bouquet of devotion by selecting one, two, or three points from the meditation to hold close all day. “Gather yourself a little bouquet of devotion, select one, two, or three points to hold close all day,” he advises.
Chapter 8: Putting Meditations into Practice
It is crucial to put into practice the fruits of meditation. St. Francis likens this to holding precious liquor in a bowl, careful not to spill it. He advises transitioning from prayer to daily occupations with gentleness and tranquility, maintaining the spirit of humility and devotion. For instance, a lawyer must learn to pass from prayer to pleading, a merchant to his sales, and a married woman to her household duties without disturbing their spirits. “Both prayer and our daily tasks are in accord with God’s will, and we must learn to transition between them seamlessly,” he reminds us.
Chapter 9: On Dryness in Prayer
During times of dryness when nothing comes in prayer, St. Francis advises saying some vocal prayers or making particular gestures to try and regain the spirit. If this does not help, one should be patient, knowing that God is still present, even if His grace is not immediately felt. “Be patient, knowing that God is still with you, even in dryness,” he counsels.
Chapter 10: Morning Prayer
St. Francis emphasises the importance of beginning the day with dedicated prayer. This sets a spiritual tone for the day, aligning one’s actions and intentions with God’s will from the start. “Begin the day with prayer, setting a spiritual tone for all your actions,” he advises.
Chapter 11: Evening Prayer and Examination of Conscience
Evening prayers should include a reflection on the day’s actions, seeking forgiveness and strength for the future. This practice helps in maintaining a clear conscience and continual spiritual growth. “Reflect on your day, ask for forgiveness, and seek strength for tomorrow,” he recommends.
Chapter 12: On Spiritual Retirement
Regular periods of spiritual retreat and solitude are essential for deepening one’s relationship with God. St. Francis encourages setting aside time for quiet reflection and prayer away from daily distractions. “Regular retreats are essential for deepening your relationship with God,” he states.
Chapter 13: Aspirations, Ejaculatory Prayer, and Holy Thoughts
Frequent short prayers and holy thoughts throughout the day help maintain a devout mindset. These aspirations keep one’s heart oriented towards God amidst daily activities. “Maintain a devout mindset with frequent short prayers and holy thoughts,” he suggests.
Chapter 14: Of Holy Communion, and How to Join in It
Frequent reception of Holy Communion is highly recommended. St. Francis provides guidance on preparing for and participating in Communion devoutly, emphasising its importance for spiritual nourishment. “Our Saviour has instituted the most venerable sacrament of the Eucharist, so that whosoever eats it may live forever,” he illustrates. This sacrament is a source of spiritual strength and protection against sin.
Chapter 15: Of the Other Public Offices of the Church
Participation in communal worship and public services enriches personal devotion and strengthens the faith community. St. Francis asserts, “There is always more benefit and consolation to be found in the public offices of the Church than in private acts.” Communal prayer is preferred over individual acts, as it glorifies God more when we are united and share our good deeds.
Chapter 16: How We Are to Honour and Invoke the Saints
St. Francis encourages calling upon Mary, specific saints, one’s baptismal name saint, and one’s guardian angel for their intercession. He promotes praying with a shared heart, seeking their prayers on our behalf. “Call upon Mary, the saints, and your guardian angel for their intercession,” he advises.
Chapter 17: How We Should Read and Hear God’s Word
We should not let God’s word fall fruitless on the ground. Reading the scriptures and the lives of the saints, which serve as mirrors of the Christian life, helps gather His words and apply them to our lives. St. Francis notes, “The Lord gathers our words to Him to the degree we gather His.” It is important to read and reflect on God’s word with a receptive and attentive heart.
Chapter 18: How We Ought to Receive Inspirations
Inspirations from God should be received, tested, and acted upon. St. Francis explains that, like temptation, inspirations come in stages: inspiration itself, delight in the inspiration, and consent. He emphasises the importance of consenting to inspirations but testing them through a spiritual director, especially those of great importance. “To have consent in heart without pushing onward to the ultimate result would be like planting a vine that you intended not to come to fruit,” he warns. Diligence in action after consent is crucial for spiritual growth.
Chapter 19: On Holy Confession
St. Francis recommends weekly confession and making a true effort to amend one’s ways. He highlights the virtues of humility, obedience, simplicity, and love, best enacted in this sacrament. He advises against superficial accusations and encourages confessing specific facts and motives. “Beware of a number of sins that often live and reign hidden in the soul,” he cautions, emphasising the importance of thorough and regular confession.
Chapter 20: On Frequent Communion
Frequent Communion strengthens the soul, much like mithridate strengthened Mithridates, king of Pontus, making him immune to poison. St. Francis draws an analogy, “Just as mankind in Eden might have avoided bodily death by the fruit of the Tree of Life, so too, they may avoid spiritual death by the Eucharist.” Frequent reception preserves the soul from sin’s corruption, akin to how sugar preserves fragile fruits.
Chapter 21: How We Are to Receive Communion
Receiving Communion unites us with Christ and strengthens us spiritually. St. Francis advises that both the perfect and imperfect should receive frequently: the perfect to maintain their state and the imperfect to aspire to perfection. He states, “Tell them that two kinds of people ought to receive Communion frequently: the perfect, for being well disposed, they would deserve great blame if they did not draw close to the source and fountain of perfection; and the imperfect, in order that they may be able to aspire to perfection.” This frequent reception fosters spiritual health and growth.
